Transient luminous events appearing above thunderstorms represent a captivating phenomenon. These brief optical emissions, occurring in the mesosphere and lower ionosphere, manifest as various forms of illumination. Examples include sprites, which are reddish bursts; elves, characterized by rapidly expanding halos; and jets, which are cone-shaped discharges extending upward from cloud tops.
Understanding these occurrences contributes significantly to atmospheric science. Their study provides insights into the electrical activity within thunderstorms and the complex interactions between the lower and upper atmosphere. Historically, observations were infrequent and often dismissed, but advancements in observational technology have allowed for more detailed and systematic investigation, revealing their prevalence and influence on atmospheric processes.